Nowadays, smart grid implementation is a new and challenging issue. One of the important parameters in the smart grids is their fast and accurate Fault locator capability. This capability reduces power outage time, which the repair teams of the power distribution companies mostly lose to find the Fault location in a traditional way. The Fault allocation in the distribution networks, due to their topological nature (high complexity, intermediate loads, load uncertainty, no homogeneity of lines, etc. ), is a very difficult and different from transmission networks. In this research, Fault indicator information is used to deal with multiple result problem introduced by Fault locator in distribution networks. In this paper, a forward-backward sweep based method is introduced to find Fault location. There are some uncertain parameter in Fault location because of the error on the load estimation. There is correlation between these parameters due to similarity of the environmental conditions and customer behavior. Therefore, two methods (Monte Carlo and two-point estimation) are used to model probabilistic parameters on Fault location. Finally, the 11-bus test network and the actual 306-bus Sharfabad feeder network in Kerman are utilized to evaluate the proposed method.

Knowing the components of economic education provides the dynamic background of education in this field. The aim of the current research is to investigate the Indicators and components of the economic education curriculum. The approach of the current research is qualitative and its method is research synthesis. The research community is all the articles (211 articles) that have been presented from 1390 to 1401 AD and from 2010 to 2022 AD regarding economic education in curricula. The sample of the research is 32 articles, which were selected based on thematic monitoring, theoretical data saturation, and purposefully. The research data were collected from the qualitative analysis of the studied articles. By analyzing the data, the dimensions of vitality in the curriculum of the elementary school in 4 factors and 55 categories including the dimension of individual factors (including Indicators and components related to personality characteristics); The dimension of culture and economic ethics (economic fields in the society); The dimension of economic concepts and knowledge (indices in economic education) and the dimension of collective and communication concepts (communication and interaction Indicators in education) were classified. Economic education is dependent on internal and external components in educational systems, which requires macro-planning in this field.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 Indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research Indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city Indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective Indicators of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

In this paper we have presented a new design of Fault tolerant comparator with a Fault free hot spare. The aim of this design is to achieve a low overhead of time and area in Fault tolerant comparators. We have used hot standby technique to normal operation of the system without interrupting and dynamic recovery method in Fault detection and correction. The circuit is divided to smaller modules for ease of testing and one hot spare is used for reconfiguration. Complexity, time and area overhead of designed Fault tolerant comparator are more effective in compared recent methods.

In this study, the permeability of structures associated with Kuhbanan Fault zone has been investigated. The Kuhbanan Fault zone is one of the most seismically active structural trends in Kerman province. The behaviour of Fault zones against groundwater flow (conduit, barrier, or a combination of both) is relatively controlled by Fault core, damage zone, and permeability of fractures and rock units in the Fault zone. In this research, qualitative and quantitative data, together with field observations and numerical models have been used. In order to measure the structures in the Kuhbanan Fault zone, 23 outcrops were selected for model parameters. Results show that the Fault zone acted as barrier in 12 outcrops, conduit in 4 outcrops and a combined barrier-conduit in 6 outcrops. In total, the 61-m-wide southern part of the Kuhbanan Fault zone is composed of a Fault core of 38 m and a damage zone of 23 m wide, respectively. Therefore, this segment of the Kuhbanan faul zone acts as a combination of conduit and strong barrier for fluid flow. The Fault core is well developed but the damage zone is weakly developed, and therefore deformation has been largely localized within the Fault core and distributed in the damage zone. To analyze the architecture of the Fault zone three Fa, Fs, Fm indices were used. For the southern segment of the Kuhbanan Fault zone, the Fa, Fs and Fm were measured as 0.47, 0.73 and 0.51, respectively. The relatively low Fa and high Fs indicate that the Kuhbanan Fault zone in this area is not associated with uniform architecture. Also the numerous Fault springs in the area are affected by this Fault zone.

Identifying Faults and fractures in hydrocarbon reservoirs is of particular importance in the stages of enhanced recovering and development of oil fields. The correct description and drawing of Faults and fractures can enable the implementation of development projects in the oil industry. One of the methods of describing the discontinuity in the layers is the use of seismic Indicators. In this study, the algorithm developed by Hardap [1] was used along with the application of the latest methods of seismic markers in one of Iran's oil fields to evaluate its ability to identify Faults and fractures. The results of this study for the reservoirs revealed that the thinned Fault likelihood as well as Fault likelihood show good consistency regarding to the quality and accuracy of discontinuities in the field. In this regard, the use of information on the slope and azimuth of layers plays an important role in increasing the accuracy of interpretation of discontinuities, especially fractures. Finally, the evaluation of these Indicators shows that the main extension of the Faults and fractures in the studied reservoir is in the north-south and northwest-southeast direction, which is consistent with the data of pictorial diagrams (Rose diagram) corresponds to the wells drilled in this field. Based on the distribution of the density of fractures at the location of the drilled wells, it can be concluded that in addition to the diagenesis phenomena, the fracture networks and their connection with each other can control the production of field wells.

In this paper, a new open-switch Fault diagnosis method is proposed for the six-phase AC-DC converter based on the difference between the phase current and the corresponding reference using an adaptive threshold. The open-switch Faults are detected without any additional equipment and complicated calculations, since the proposed Fault detection method is integrated with the controller required signals. The proposed Fault-tolerant technique reduces the value of overcurrent and total harmonic distortion (THD) on the healthy and Faulty phases, by considering the redundancy mode of space vectors in space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) and changing the switching signals in Fault regions. This technique is performed without adding any legs, switches or triode for alternating currents (TRIAC) to the circuit. Finally, the proposed Fault-tolerant technique is evaluated by MATLAB simulation and the results show its effectiveness.

Construction in near Fault regions is of specific importance for which safety should be considered against seismic Faults. Fault rupture zone is a region that civil construction receives highest damage from near Fault zone effects such as surface fractures, strong ground motion, displacement and landslide in the regions of great slope and rough topography. In this study, first, the three dimensional topography and slope map of the studied area are prepared. The Fault rupture zone of North Tehran Fault is calculated after developing the Faults density and magnitudes gained from three probable mobile scenarios. Present study suggests a Fault rupture zone of 2.2 to 1 km for North Tehran Fault.

Most of the megacities are located near the active Faults. Ground motions in the vicinity of the active Faults are associated with two main phenomena so called rupture directivity and fling effects. Therefore, it is important for earthquake resistance design and seismic hazard mitigation to evaluate the characteristics of near-Fault ground motions in the megacities. In this paper, the near-Fault ground motion was simulated using kinematic model for Tehran City, the capital of Iran. Tehran city was developed along the North Tehran Fault (NTF), which assumed to be the most probable seismic source for the city. Kinematic models are efficient tools to simulate long-period ground motions including slip heterogeneity (Asperities) on the Fault and underground geology. Here, the near-Fault ground motions are generated assuming NTF scenario using kinematic finite Fault model. Then, the variations of Faulting parameters such as rise time, maximum slip, rupture velocity, and site to Fault distance on the near-Fault pulse characteristics are numerically examined and discussed.